可卡因瘾

Medically reviewed:12/08/2018
Last updated:03/25/2020
作者：addictions.com医学评论

什么是可卡因成瘾？

可卡因is one of the most widely abused stimulants in the United States and is the cause of thousands of overdoses and physical complications leading to emergency room visits each year. Over 2.1 million Americans have used cocaine at least once in their lives. Cocaine is one of the oldest known drugs and has been abused around the world for decades. Cocaine addiction leads to extreme physical and psychological consequences that can have permanent effects on the user and those around them.

可卡因成瘾是一种迫使个人使用可卡因的心理和物理依赖性。使用这种危险药物的强迫往往将导致患有可卡因成瘾的人来使用如此多的可卡因，因此，他们经常经历严重的不良反应，这些不良反应会在情感上，身体和精神上影响它们，同时也伤害了他们所爱的人。可卡因成瘾可以造成家庭情绪创伤，财务困难以及一系列需要专业帮助治愈的并发症。

虽然可卡因是高度上瘾的并且可以对一个人的生命造成可怕的破坏，但有帮助。许多治疗中心为那些患有可卡因成瘾的人提供恢复解决方案，从住院护理到门诊支持团体. Cocaine addiction can become a thing of the past if an individual is ready and willing to seek and to accept help when it is offered.

What are the Risks of Cocaine Addiction?

个人成为可卡因沉迷的人的风险相对较高。被DEA分类为2药物，可卡因成瘾是滥用药物的任何人的风险。事实上，2005年出版的具有里程碑意义的研究表明，只需一次使用后，个人变得沉迷于可卡因的风险为5％，并且每次随后使用药物都会增加。

瘾对此powerful stimulant容易发生，部分原因是药物的影响仅持续一小段时间。为了维持高位，用户通常会在短期内反复服用可卡因。慢性用途导致对药物的物理耐受性，这迫使使用者越来越高的剂量继续或产生相同的高，迅速导致身体和心理成瘾。

可卡因成瘾的副作用是什么？

可卡因以某种不同的方式使用，以及比其他方式更强大的影响的方法。可卡因使用的最常用方法之一是扼杀药物，这会导致持续约一个小时的效果，然后逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐逐渐减少。为防止“下来”效果，用户将每小时或更少减去更多可卡因，以保持高的进入并防止戒断症状。

Short-term effects of cocaine abuse include:

• 心血管问题
• Heart rhythm disturbances
• 心脏病发作
• Chest pain
• Increased temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
• Neurological effects such a strokes or seizures
• 食欲不振
• Headaches
• 腹痛
• Nausea
• Nosebleeds
• Difficulty swallowing
• 瞳孔散大
• Horse throat
• A runny nose

Another method of cocaine use is to inject the drug using a needle. This method has many additional risks and adverse effects. Shooting or injecting cocaine is dangerous because it can:

• 产生更强大的高
• 导致使用共用针的血型疾病的收缩
• 导致感染风险增加
• Produce an increased risk of overdose because it is difficult to measure the potency of an injected dose and because the full load is very quickly delivered to the brain

Injecting cocaine can cause additional health complications that are typically more dangerous with more severe long-term consequences than those experienced from snorting or smoking cocaine. The effects of injecting cocaine include:

• Increased risk of contracting blood-borne diseases such as HIV or hepatitis
• 注射部位的感染
• 过敏反应
• Death

可卡因can also be smoked. In its soft form, the drug is typically added to another substance, such as sprinkling cocaine in a joint of marijuana or mixing it with standard tobacco for a hand-rolled cigarette. The effect of smoking cocaine in its powdered form is not typically as strong as when the drug is manipulated through chemical changes and cooked into a hard form called crack.吸烟裂缝是高度上瘾的，非常危险，对用户的问题大得多，而不是其他形式的可卡因。

The way cocaine is taken affects the duration of its effects as well. Faster absorption creates a more intense high, but for a shorter time. For example, the effects of smoking last 5 to 10 minutes, but are felt immediately. When snorted, the cocaine high takes longer to arrive but lasts 15 to 30 minutes.

What are the Signs of Cocaine Addiction?

可卡因tricks the brain’s pleasure receptors into releasing unnaturally large amounts of feel-good chemicals, and after repeated use of the drug, the brain adapts physically and chemically, in an attempt to restore a natural balance. As a result, the user can no longer feel pleasure from their usual activities and must take cocaine to feel normal. They often begin to take dangerously high doses of the drug, chasing a high they remember, but can’t repeat, building up even more of a tolerance, and suffering terrible withdrawal symptoms whenever the levels of cocaine in their bodies diminish.

Signs of Cocaine Addiction to Look Out for:

• 减肥 -可卡因is a stimulant, and therefore those who abuse cocaine will often go without meals for many hours or sometimes days. This leads to a significant amount of weight loss.
• Covered clothing –Intravenous users of cocaine will cover their arms, legs and other areas of their body where they have been injecting cocaine.
• 丢失或失去的钱 -Many cocaine addicts will lie about where their money went, why they need money, or other financial concerns, and will frequently ask to borrow money.
• Mood changes –可卡因用户将显示疲劳的迹象，以便增加能量和警觉性。当用户在剂量之间过长并且开始经历退出时，令人烦躁，敌意和侵略通常会表面。
• Isolating from loved ones or friends –Many people addicted to cocaine will avoid their friends or family members. Some will completely change the group of friends, so they can spend their time with other cocaine users who share and accept their addiction.
• Continued use of cocaine despite legal, financial or relationship trouble –可卡因addiction will cause the addict to continue using cocaine even once they realize that their drug use has led to financial problems, legal problems, or lost relationships.

Tolerance is one of the manysymptoms of addictionthat develop from the chronic use of cocaine. Tolerance occurs when the brain and body adapt to the effects of a drug, requiring the user to take increasingly larger amounts to achieve the same high. Eventually, individuals suffering from cocaine addiction will no longer be able to experience the same euphoria from taking the drug and may overdose in an attempt to achieve an unreachable high.

可卡因滥用和成瘾的其他症状包括：

• 搅动
• 偏执狂
• Sleep disturbances
• 幻觉
• Delusions
• Uncontrolled violence
• 鼻软骨细分

What to do if Someone You Love is Abusing Cocaine

A single use of cocaine will not guarantee addiction and may not warrant the need for medical care or treatment, but in some cases, cocaine use can lead to physical or psychological complications that require immediate attention. If any of the following situations occur after using cocaine, you should seek emergency medical treatment:

• Foul, itchy or bloody discharge from the sinuses
• A sinus infection that causes facial or severe sinus pain
• A chronic cough paired with fever
• Phlegm production or foul mucous
• Redness or swelling at an injection site
• Foul or infectious discharge from an injection site
• A severe headache that won’t go away
• Chest pain
• 腹痛
• Loss of consciousness
• 双方视线
• The inability to speak or slurred speech
• Weakness of extremities

Which Treatment Options are Available for Cocaine Addiction?

在可卡因成瘾的住院治疗计划中获得帮助将显着帮助您的恢复机会。可卡因成瘾的复发率为18至24％，为完成治疗计划的个体，以及试图自己恢复的人数约为90％。这些统计数据强调了获得专业待遇的重要性，而不是太快留下治疗，并与能够支持正在进行的恢复之旅的同伴和治疗师保持联系。

Inpatient programs can provide you with medical oversight, as well as medication-assisted treatment to reduce any withdrawal symptoms. The 24/7 care will allow you to safely detox off cocaine, and recover in a clean environment. Behavioral therapy is also available to help treat underlying causes of addiction, alongside any mental health issues of the patient.

人沉溺于可卡因可以帮助themselves by taking some time to rest and recuperate in early recovery. Some of the self-help methods that may be beneficial for treating cocaine addiction include:

• 使用加湿器将水分添加到空气中以减少鼻窦感染
• 使用盐水溶液清洁鼻子
• 占据抗痛止痛药，以减少头痛
• 喝大量的液体以防止脱水
• 吃营养 - 密集的食物
• 尽可能多地睡觉，并在失眠，焦虑或其他防止休息的症状的情况下对医生说话

Of the various counseling and therapy options for addiction treatment, the following have been proven most effective for cocaine addiction:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy–counselors work with patients to determine the situations, emotional states, and patterns of thought that lead to their cocaine use, then guide them towards positive behavioral changes, healthy coping mechanisms, and more beneficial ways of thinking about substance use.
• 社区强化治疗–treatment by means of community support and positive reinforcement. When an individual does not use cocaine for a period of time or reaches a treatment goal, they are rewarded with a coupon or voucher that will provide them with money or prizes, such as vouchers for a meal at their favorite restaurant, or a gift card for their favorite department store.

Aftercare for Cocaine瘾Treatment

Anyone who is in recovery from a cocaine addiction should make plans for a follow-up routine that will keep them moving forward in the right direction after completing a treatment program. Many treatment facilities make aftercare a part of each patient’s recovery plan, so that healthy supportive systems are put in place before the patient’s treatment has ended. The patient’s loved ones are often counseled in family therapy before discharge to ensure they know how to be supportive of the patient’s transition back into the community.

大多数追踪计划将包括定期办理登机手续，并与精神科医生或辅导员以及12步会议或其他同行支持小组。从可卡因成瘾中恢复的任何人都很重要，请好好照顾他们的身心健康，并定期参加治疗会议或会议。