医学审查：06/05/2018
最近更新时间：04/17/2020
Author:addictions.com医学评论
阅读时间：5分钟
What is ADHD?
注意力缺陷多动障碍或ADHD是一种精神障碍，其特征在于浓度，过度活动，难以控制和调节行为的难度。
目录
Although difficulty concentrating or sustaining focus is a common problem with ADHD, hyper-focus is also a characteristic of the disorder. When a person with ADHD finds a topic or task especially interesting, they may concentrate so intensely that they work for hours, uninterrupted, with no idea of how much time is passing. Nevertheless, most tasks that require sustained attention are challenging for someone with ADHD, even when the task is essential, and they very much want to accomplish it.
到那个时刻mental health and addiction, co-occurring disorders are common, and it’s no different with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Individuals with ADHD often struggle with impulsivity, which can compound the urge to self-medicate the emotional difficulties created by the disruptive effect of ADHD symptoms.
ADHD的迹象和症状是什么？
ADHD symptoms appear before age 12, but the diagnosis is often not made until years later, especially for girls, who may not experience hyperactive symptoms, or whose hyperactivity may only manifest as racing thoughts or talkativeness. To be diagnosed with ADHD, the symptoms of the disorder must have caused problems in at least two areas of the individual’s life (such as school or home).
- 难以调节关注和集中
- Excessive activity or restlessness (this can be mental as well as behavioral)
- 难以控制行为
- Disruptive thoughts and actions (anxiety, obsessiveness, inappropriate speech or behavior)
- Impulsivity (difficulty delaying gratification, frequent interrupting, acting without thinking)
- Problems with organization (both externally and internally)
- 经常健忘，失去了东西
- Easily distracted
- 挣扎有细节
- Difficulties with stimulation (can either crave stimulation or become easily overwhelmed and exhausted by too much)
- 难以将决定或欲望转化为行动
- 睡眠问题
How Does ADHD Interact with Addiction?
它估计了近25％of adults who seek drug and alcohol addiction treatment also have ADHD, which complicates treatment for both disorders.
One of the things that makethe correlation between ADHD and addictionso strong is that they share similar symptoms. Furthermore, the common symptoms of ADHD are often those that develop once addiction becomes present.
这些包括以下内容：
- Distraction
- Impulsivity
- 难以处理压力
- Difficulty staying on task
- Dramatic swings in mood and energy
While many people with addiction have ADHD, those with an attention deficit disorder are also more at risk of becoming addicted. Even without a history of drug or alcohol abuse, adults diagnosed with ADHD are two to three times more at risk of becoming addicted than those of the general population.
兴奋剂对患有ADHD的个体特别吸引，因为它们实际上控制了ADHD症状。有未确诊的Adhd的成年人可能发现，而不是通过兴奋剂加剧，他们感到平静和专注，更能收集他们的想法并对他们的决定行事。由于ADHD没有绝对治愈，甚至被诊断出和规定合适的兴奋剂药物的个体可能会滥用他们的处方或将其补充用非法物质，以欲望更强的效果或完全缓解症状。
酒精和333manbetx are also common among people who have ADHD. These substances can temporarily relieve the intense anxiety that individuals with ADHD often experience, both directly from their hyperactive minds, and indirectly because the disorder often makes them feel as if they are not in control of themselves or their lives.
Individuals with undiagnosed ADHD are at very high risk of developing a substance use disorder. Having ADHD feels like being out of step with everyone else, and discovering a substance that suddenly allows them to work, study, or socialize in a way that comes naturally to other people is immensely appealing. Self-medicating the焦虑and depression that often co-occurs with ADHD due to the challenges of living with the disorder is also very tempting. Any use of substances that aren’t regulated by a doctor can quickly become abuse, and then addiction, especially when the impulsivity aspect of the disorder is factored into behavior.
多巴胺的作用
While the mental health and addiction connection is often seen as a chicken versus egg conundrum, many people believe that both ADHD and addiction are connected to the brain’s dopamine levels. For individuals with ADHD, the natural levels of dopamine present in the brain are lower than average, and most addictive substances increase dopamine levels and keep more dopamine present in the brain for a longer time. However, while drug or alcohol abuse may help depress the symptoms of ADHD initially, they will eventually complicate the disease, making symptoms more intense and debilitating.
How are ADHD and Addiction Treated?
适当的治疗方法对双重诊断接头nosis of ADHD and addiction will depend a great deal on the substance being abused and the severity of the addiction. As ADHD and substance abuse have many overlapping symptoms, and because substance abuse can both relieve and intensify the symptoms of ADHD, a medically-supervised detox should ideally take place before any medications can be prescribed. This can mean having the patient go for up to six weeks without using addictive substances or taking prescription medication for ADHD so that doctors can make an accurate assessment of symptoms.
然而，心理治疗和认知行为治疗可以立即开始，这些治疗将使物质使用障碍和ADHD受益。成瘾和adhd都会产生强烈的内疚感，责备，羞耻和挫折，需要处理恢复，并且患者最佳恢复的最佳机会将来自住院治疗。关注，冲动行为和难以与ADHD所经历的行动的违规行为将在围绕专业团队的时钟支援提供优质的挑战。
Seek Dual Treatment
考虑到ADHD和成瘾的重叠效果，在没有另一个疾病的情况下难以治疗一种疾病。当发生双诊断时，一个疾病的副作用可能会变得更糟，因为另一个疾病变得更好。出于这个原因，需要的需求耐心标准治疗中心不能满足共同发生的ADHD和成瘾，只能雇用成瘾的专业知识。专门从事双诊断或共同发生的疾病的设施将使患者同时接受ADHD和成瘾治疗，以便更好地管理疾病，并且该个人对他们必须采取的步骤进行了改进的重点。
非兴奋剂药物
One of the issues with治疗瘾和ADHD是，对于ADHD规定的最常见的药物是兴奋剂，当它们比规定的更常见或更大的剂量时，它们变得高度上瘾。诸如药物的药物rialinand Adderall are natural to abuse因此，不推荐作为具有成瘾或药物滥用历史的人的有用的治疗选择。延长释放兴奋剂药物不易滥用;然而，这对于具有双重诊断的个体可以有效。
There are also non-stimulant medications available for those with ADHD. Bupropion (brand name Wellbutrin) for example, is an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to consistently higher levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. This not only relieves depression, but it also allows the brain to transmit signals more effectively, thereby making it easier for individuals with ADHD to translate thought and will into targeted action.